Los videojuegos violentos no generan violencia
Un nuevo estudio publicado en la revista Nature Molecular Psychology termina de despejar las pocas dudas que hubiera en torno a la relación entre videojuegos violentos y personas violentas: no existe relación. El experimento lo ha llevado a cabo un equipo de investigadores alemanes y para ello ha reclutado a 77 personas mentalmente sanas y que no son aficionados a los videojuegos, y las ha sometido a un exhaustivo test de personalidad para medir sus niveles de agresividad y propensión a la violencia de cualquier tipo. Después ha separado a esos 77 voluntarios en tres grupos.
A los miembros del primer grupo se les puso a jugar un mínimo de media hora diaria a Grand Theft Auto V, un juego que entra dentro de los considerados violentos. A los miembros del segundo grupo les pusieron a jugar a Los Sims 3. El tercer grupo era el de control, y simplemente les dijeron que volvieran más tarde. Al cabo de dos meses, los tres grupos regresaron para someterse de nuevo a los test, y dos meses más tarde, ya todos haciendo vida normal, volvieron a examinarse.
| Dependent variables | GTA | Sims | Controls | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Posttest 1 | Posttest 2 | Baseline | Posttest 1 | Posttest 2 | Baseline | Posttest 1 | Posttest 2 | |
| Questionnaires assessing aggression and associated constructs | |||||||||
| BP physical aggression | 1.99 (0.76) | 2.03 (0.89) | 1.95 (0.82) | 1.55 (0.47) | 1.66 (0.62) | 1.50 (0.38) | 1.94 (0.92) | 1.87 (0.93) | 2.08 (1.26) |
| BP verbal aggression | 3.78 (0.80) | 3.61 (0.92) | 3.61 (0.77) | 3.62 (1.04) | 3.63 (0.83) | 3.56 (0.69) | 3.66 (1.18) | 3.82 (1.14) | 3.86 (1.15) |
| BP anger | 2.85 (1.08) | 2.63 (0.98) | 2.61 (1.21) | 2.42 (0.77) | 2.39 (0.92) | 2.22 (0.77) | 2.64 (1.34) | 2.49 (1.16) | 2.72 (1.32) |
| BP hostility | 1.89 (0.66) | 2.01 (0.98) | 2.13 (0.83) | 1.76 (0.68) | 1.89 (0.74) | 1.73 (0.69) | 2.09 (1.20) | 2.11 (1.23) | 2.37 (1.32) |
| SHS feeling mean | 1.17 (0,22) | 1.27 (0.51) | 1.17 (0.20) | 1.15 (0.28) | 1.17 (0.26) | 1.26 (0.52) | 1.36 (0.59) | 1.33 (0.56) | 1.32 (0.48) |
| SHS aggravation | 1.34 (0.48) | 1.41 (0.61) | 1.29 (0.37) | 1.32 (0.45) | 1.32 (0.48) | 1.37 (0.63) | 1.46 (0.66) | 1.48 (0.68) | 1.45 (0.62) |
| SHS feeling unsociable | 1.37 (0.60) | 1.27 (0.29) | 1.24 (0.38) | 1.28 (0.51) | 1.17 (0.26) | 1.30 (0.61) | 1.49 (0.66) | 1.45 (0.55) | 1.36 (0.54) |
| SHS lack of positive feelings | 2.10 (0.68) | 2.06 (0.58) | 1.99 (0.61) | 2.00 (0.62) | 1.93 (0.48) | 2.03 (0.59) | 2.20 (0.82) | 2.18 (0.80) | 2.28 (0.93) |
| IRMAS she asked for it | 10.80 (3.37) | 10.68 (3.81) | 10.39 (4.75) | 11.08 (3.43) | 9.92 (2.50) | 10.10 (2.97) | 9.75 (4.12) | 10.18 (3.77) | 9.74 (4.21) |
| IRMAS he did not mean to | 12.16 (4.27) | 13.28 (7.40) | 10.39 (4.19) | 11.29 (3.46) | 10.46 (3.15) | 9.67 (2.90) | 10.68 (4.18) | 9.75 (4.13) | 8.91 (3.90) |
| IRMAS it was not really rape | 6.84 (2.66) | 6.68 (2.73) | 6.00 (1.33) | 6.38 (2.41) | 6.17 (1.79) | 5.67 (1.39) | 7.11 (3.33) | 7.07 (3.38) | 6.61 (3.14) |
| IRMAS she lied | 9.48 (3.61) | 10.24 (3.31) | 9.22 (3.32) | 9.54 (3.68) | 8.42 (3.31) | 8.57 (3.79) | 9.86 (4.93) | 9.61 (4.93) | 9.65 (4.99) |
| Moral Disengagement Scale | 1.85 (0.54) | 1.88 (0.58) | 1.81 (0.65) | 1.67 (0.40) | 1.77 (0.59) | 1.62 (0.43) | 1.69 (0.56) | 1.64 (0.56) | 1.70 (0.62) |
| RPFT extra-punitive | 0.46 (0.11) | 0.46 (0.09) | 0.45 (0.16) | 0.46 (0.15) | 0.46 (0.12) | 0.47 (0.14) | 0.53 (0.11) | 0.49 (0.11) | 0.49 (0.16) |
| RPFT intra-punitive | 0.25 (0.09) | 0.27 (0.08) | 0.24 (0.07) | 0.26 (0.09) | 0.27 (0.08) | 0.23 (0.05) | 0.23 (0.06) | 0.26 (0.06) | 0.24 (0.06) |
| RPFT non-punitive | 0.28 (0.08) | 0.29 (0.10) | 0.24 (0.12) | 0.26 (0.08) | 0.26 (0.08) | 0.28 (0.10) | 0.25 (0.09) | 0.25 (0.08) | 0.27 (0.12) |
| RPFT obstacle dominance | 0.27 (0.09) | 0.27 (0.10) | 0.24 (0.12) | 0.32 (0.07) | 0.35 (0.08) | 0.30 (0.09) | 0.29 (0.10) | 0.30 (0.08) | 0.23 (0.08) |
| RPFT ego-defense | 0.55 (0.09) | 0.48 (0.11) | 0.47 (0.16) | 0.44 (0.08) | 0.46 (0.06) | 0.47 (0.10) | 0.47 (0.09) | 0.42 (0.11) | 0.46 (0.12) |
| RPFT need persistence | 0.18 (0.11) | 0.25 (0.13) | 0.23 (0.13) | 0.23 (0.12) | 0.20 (0.11) | 0.23 (0.12) | 0.23 (0.11) | 0.26 (0.13) | 0.28 (0.11) |
| WVM percent | 26.43 (22.93) | 19.37 (16.34) | 18.90 (16.76) | 18.73 (20.85) | 12.35 (12.67) | 11.91 (14.73) | 15.16 (16.17) | 16.39 (21.83) | 18.61 (26.13) |
| WVM safety | 9.28 (3.21) | 9.28 (3.46) | 9.33 (3.48) | 10.83 (2.55) | 11.29 (2.14) | 10.67 (2.24) | 11.00 (2.69) | 10.96 (2.50) | 10.61 (2.08) |
| Behavioral measures assessing aggression | |||||||||
| Word completion test | 0.11 (0.06) | 0.19 (0.06) | 0.19 (0.05) | 0.15 (0.05) | 0.17 (0.07) | 0.16 (0.05) | 0.12 (0.05) | 0.19 (0.11) | 0.18 (0.07) |
| Lexical decision task | 2.17 (2.30) | 1.92 (1.80) | 1.56 (1.30) | 4.58 (8.70) | 3.85 (7.81) | 1.16 (1.46) | 1.77 (1.97) | 2.76 (7.03) | 1.64 (2.13) |
| Delay frustration task | 2.35 (2.31) | 1.79 (1.69) | 1.41 (1.23) | 5.21 (9.16) | 3.68 (7.73) | 1.28 (1.58) | 1.76 (1.96) | 2.72 (6.90) | 1.62 (2.14) |
| Sensation seeking and boredom proneness | |||||||||
| BSSS experience seeking | 4.3 (0.92) | 4.28 (0.94) | 4.36 (0.94) | 4.33 (0.76) | 4.50 (0.72) | 4.38 (0.84) | 4.11 (0.70) | 4.21 (0.78) | 4.24 (0.80) |
| BSSS boredom susceptibility | 3.34 (0.89) | 3.24 (0.98) | 3.06 (1.01) | 3.42 (0.58) | 3.42 (0.67) | 3.26 (0.70) | 2.93 (0.73) | 3.16 (0.73) | 3.20 (0.79) |
| BSSS thrill and adventure seeking | 2.36 (1.01) | 2.22 (1.15) | 2.53 (1.17) | 2.35 (1.18) | 2.46 (1.08) | 2.60 (1.14) | 2.02 (0.91) | 2.20 (0.90) | 2.22 (0.95) |
| BSSS disinhibition | 2.78 (1.09) | 2.96 (1.08) | 2.92 (1.28) | 2.90 (1.15) | 3.06 (1.19) | 2.95 (1.17) | 2.80 (0.81) | 3.02 (0.93) | 2.89 (0.95) |
| Boredom proneness scale | 81.04 (17.57) | 82.28 (16.83) | 81.39 (19.92) | 78.83 (16.62) | 81.67 (17.96) | 80.29 (19.07) | 82.39 (19.63) | 80.71 (19.57) | 86.43 (20.03) |
| Behavioral measures assessing risk taking and delay discounting | |||||||||
| Balloon analogue risk task | 31.75 (13.75) | 39.49 (10.86) | 41.56 (12.21) | 39.60 (14.08) | 43.89 (13.81) | 46.42 (11.42) | 35.57 (13.56) | 41.65 (14.08) | 48.65 (13.18) |
| Delay-discounting task delay | 5.22 (24.85) | 0.03 (0.08) | 25.34 (123.25) | 0.05 (0.12) | 0.03 (0.08) | 0.76 (2.46) | 0.17 (0.80) | 0.03 (0.10) | 0.03 (0.07) |
| Delay-discounting task probability | 14.26 (35.50) | 8.78 (23.47) | 12.00 (33.39) | 3.70 (8.86) | 1.94 (2.03) | 2.17 (3.22) | 17.99 (42.92) | 3.27 (7.51) | 4.61 (9.79) |
| Questionnaires and tests assessing empathy and interpersonal competence | |||||||||
| IRI perspective taking | 2.43 (0.80) | 2.50 (0.66) | 2.57 (0.64) | 2.70 (0.49) | 2.71 (0.57) | 2.57 (0.54) | 2.63 (0.65) | 2.70 (0.53) | 2.45 (0.68) |
| IRI fantasy scale | 2.05 (0.78) | 2.04 (1.00) | 1.28 (1.09) | 2.48 (0.71) | 1.81 (1.15) | 1.41 (1.17) | 2.15 (0.81) | 1.96 (0.99) | 1.56 (1.15) |
| IRI empathic concern | 2.58 (0.72) | 2.52 (0.54) | 2.52 (0.56) | 2.64 (0.52) | 2.66 (0.51) | 2.61 (0.59) | 2.60 (0.54) | 2.50 (0.55) | 2.51 (0.51) |
| IRI personal distress | 1.57 (0.55) | 1.45 (0.75) | 1.03 (0.91) | 1.63 (0.57) | 1.31 (0.87) | 1.13 (0.95) | 1.58 (0.74) | 1.44 (0.82) | 1.15 (0.93) |
| Balanced Emotional Empathy scale | 6.23 (0.83) | 6.13 (0.84) | 6.12 (0.86) | 6.31 (0.90) | 6.45 (0.96) | 6.27 (0.83) | 6.20 (0.95) | 6.22 (0.88) | 6.01 (0.90) |
| Reading the mind in the eyes | 25.40 (3.97) | 25.00 (4.14) | 27.28 (4.23) | 25.54 (4.43) | 26.04 (4.19) | 26.79 (3.8) | 24.69 (4.20) | 25.31 (4.43) | 24.58 (5.37) |
| ICQ initiating relationships | 3.47 (0.66) | 3.35 (0.76) | 3.85 (1.73) | 3.36 (0.58) | 3.28 (0.53) | 3.34 (0.66) | 3.31 (0.86) | 3.27 (0.95) | 3.30 (0.93) |
| ICQ negative assertion | 3.39 (0.67) | 3.11 (0.67) | 3.04 (0.77) | 3.13 (0.66) | 3.09 (0.74) | 3.09 (0.81) | 3.21 (0.61) | 3.22 (0.66) | 3.00 (0.72) |
| ICQ disclosing personal information | 3.33 (0.68) | 3.30 (0.73) | 3.29 (0.83) | 3.54 (0.53) | 3.54 (0.58) | 3.60 (0.56) | 3.09 (0.81) | 3.15 (0.78) | 3.10 (0.89) |
| ICQ providing emotional support | 4.14 (0.86) | 4.01 (0.75) | 4.09 (0.63) | 4.10 (0.57) | 4.01 (0.65) | 4.09 (0.49) | 3.98 (0.63) | 3.97 (0.56) | 3.99 (0.67) |
| ICQ advice and managing social conflict | 3.24 (0.73) | 3.31 (0.73) | 3.38 (0.74) | 3.59 (0.42) | 3.57 (0.46) | 3.62 (0.47) | 3.47 (0.50) | 3.49 (0.65) | 3.45 (0.63) |
| RCRQ direct aggression | 1.27 (0.35) | 1.26 (0.30) | 1.22 (0.29) | 1.18 (0.24) | 1.20 (0.23) | 1.18 (0.19) | 1.29 (0.44) | 1.33 (0.52) | 1.28 (0.56) |
| RCRQ indirect aggression | 1.30 (0.26) | 1.32 (0.36) | 1.39 (0.31) | 1.34 (0.23) | 1.35 (0.31) | 1.41 (0.36) | 1.55 (0.49) | 1.51 (0.53) | 1.48 (0.47) |
| Questionnaires assessing depressivity and anxiety | |||||||||
| Beck depression inventory | 3.64 (3.49) | 4.04 (6.03) | 4.28 (4.87) | 2.88 (2.94) | 3.88 (5.13) | 3.05 (5.90) | 5.11 (6.26) | 4.32 (7.18) | 4.48 (6.54) |
| STAI state | 34.36 (6.36) | 34.12 (8.82) | 31.78 (6.84) | 33.88 (8.67) | 33.54 (9.78) | 32.33 (10.31) | 36.39 (10.65) | 34.64 (6.68) | 35.67 (9.85) |
| STAI trait | 38.84 (6.90) | 38.28 (7.58) | 36.39 (8.38) | 37.75 (7.54) | 38.63 (8.30) | 37.90 (8.57) | 39.93 (7.68) | 40.18 (9.64) | 39.08 (9.51) |
| Behavioral measures assessing executive control function | |||||||||
| Stop signal task | 212.2 (51.37) | 193.0 (21.20) | 188.3 (24.78) | 204.9 (31.42) | 198.1 (39.53) | 195.3 (28.88) | 226.5 (40.74) | 209.8 (37.30) | 201.0 (39.54) |
| Multi-source interference task | 314.2 (55.29) | 286.2 (54.39) | 267.8 (46.66) | 297.7 (49.42) | 261.6 (53.75) | 249.5 (50.36) | 320.0 (88.71) | 287.9 (63.85) | 258.0 (64.29) |
| TS switching costs | 69.71 (39.29) | 61.92 (43.16) | 36.59 (43.94) | 62.18 (36.61) | 40.45 (35.11) | 47.82 (46.67) | 70.18 (42.79) | 47.59 (53.21) | 46.91 (34.18) |
| TS mixing costs | 133.0 (41.03) | 105.0 (61.42) | 64.82 (53.88) | 112.10 (68.27) | 82.10 (69.12) | 103.45 (61.55) | 126.1 (72.26) | 124.5 (74.83) | 86.90 (50.85) |
Las conclusiones son claras. No existe la mas mínima variación entre las personas que jugaron GTA V a diario durante dos meses con los de los otros dos grupos. Los niveles de agresión, empatía, control de impulsos, ansiedad y depresión eran exactamente los mismos antes y después del experimento.
El estudio no es muy grande en términos de la cantidad de gente a la que examina, pero su metodología es tan cuidadosa que diferentes investigadores que no han participado en él lo consideran una piedra de toque a la hora de considera la relación entre violencia y videojuegos como un mito.
Video game violence & glorification must be stopped—it is creating monsters!
— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) December 17, 2012
Pese al estudio, existen muchas voces conservadoras que siguen empeñadas en convencer a la opinión pública de que los videojuegos son los culpables de la violencia entre los jóvenes. La del presidente Trump no es ni mucho menos la única. La mismísima Asociación Americana de Psicología (APA) publicó un documento en 2015 en el que reconocía una relación entre juegos violentos y violencia. Muchos de los firmantes de este documento se basan en una teoría psicológica llamada Primado. Según esta teoría, nuestras acciones o pensamientos pueden ser influenciadas por el entorno, y por tanto someternos a videojuegos violentos puede incrementar nuestros niveles de violencia.
De poco importa que los pocos estudios al respecto solo hayan podido demostrar este efecto durante unos pocos minutos después de jugar, o de que la propia teoría del primado haya tenido problemas cuando otros psicólogos han intentado replicar sus efectos. Quizá el estudio recién publicado sirva a la APA para revisar sus políticas, pero probablemente no sirva de nada. Defender la relación entre violencia y videojuegos es como defender la relación entre vacunas y autismo. A menudo no se trata de una cuestión de ciencia, sino de ideología.
| Dependent variables | GTA vs. Sims | GTA vs. Controls | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Classical frequentist approach | Bayesian approach | Classical frequentist approach | Bayesian approach | |
| Questionnaires assessing aggression and associated constructs | ||||
| BP physical aggression | F(1,35) = 0.486, p = 0.490, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.612 | F(1,37) = 3.647, p = 0.064, ω2 = 0.063 | BF01 = 0.597 |
| BP verbal aggression | F(1,35) = 0.057, p = 0.813, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 3.113 | F(1,37) = 0.342, p = 0.562, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.023 |
| BP anger | F(1,35) = 0.511, p = 0.480, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.599 | F(1,37) = 1.120, p = 0.297, ω2 = 0.003 | BF01 = 1.754 |
| BP hostility | F(1,35) = 1.193, p = 0.282, ω2 = 0.005 | BF01 = 1.902 | F(1,37) = 0.000, p = 0.998, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 3.252 |
| SHS feeling mean | F(1,35) = 0.710, p = 0.405, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.390 | F(1,37) = 0.245, p = 0.624, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.829 |
| SHS aggravation | F(1,35) = 0.969, p = 0.332, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.090 | F(1,37) = 0.262, p = 0.612, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 3.208 |
| SHS feeling unsociable | F(1,35) = 0.619, p = 0.437, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.460 | F(1,37) = 0.205, p = 0.653, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 3.128 |
| SHS lack of positive feelings | F(1,35) = 0.495, p = 0.486, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.734 | F(1,37) = 0.528, p = 0.472, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.183 |
| IRMAS she asked for it | F(1,35) = 0.073, p = 0.789, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.974 | F(1,37) = 0.000, p = 0.993, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.993 |
| IRMAS he did not mean to | F(1,35) = 0.258, p = 0.615, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.964 | F(1,37) = 0.011, p = 0.918, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 3.267 |
| IRMAS it was not really rape | F(1,35) = 0.022, p = 0.883, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 3.369 | F(1,37) = 0.889, p = 0.352, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.590 |
| IRMAS she lied | F(1,35) = 0.385, p = 0.539, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.460 | F(1,37) = 1.242, p = 0.272, ω2 = 0.005 | BF01 = 2.363 |
| Moral Disengagement Scale | F(1,33) = 1.001, p = 0.324, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.480 | F(1,33) = 0.005, p = 0.945, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.962 |
| RPFT extra-punitive | F(1,33) = 0.501, p = 0.484, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.436 | F(1,30) = 0.358, p = 0.554, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.977 |
| RPFT intra-punitive | F(1,32) = 0.705, p = 0.407, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.010 | F(1,31) = 0.027, p = 0.870, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.666 |
| RPFT non-punitive | F(1,32) = 0.782, p = 0.383, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 1.582 | F(1,32) = 4.328, p = 0.046*, ω2 = 0.063 | BF01 = 0.700 |
| RPFT obstacle dominance | F(1,32) = 0.110, p = 0.742, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 3.218 | F(1,31) = 0.124, p = 0.727, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.900 |
| RPFT ego-defense | F(1,33) = 1.781, p = 0.191, ω2 = 0.017 | BF01 = 0.773 | F(1,31) = 6.115, p = 0.019*, ω2 = 0.102 | BF01 = 0.328 |
| RPFT need persistence | F(1,32) = 0.409, p = 0.527, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.328 | F(1,31) = 0.567, p = 0.457, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.759 |
| WVM percent | F(1,35) = 0.669, p = 0.419, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.315 | F(1,37) = 1.468, p = 0.233, ω2 = 0.012 | BF01 = 2.018 |
| WVM safety | F(1,35) = 0.150, p = 0.701, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 3.548 | F(1,37) = 0.064, p = 0.801, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 3.058 |
| Behavioral measures assessing aggression | ||||
| Word completion test | F(1,35) = 6.844, p = 0.013*, ω2 = 0.086 | BF01 = 0.161 | F(1,35) = 1.792, p = 0.189, ω2 = 0.022 | BF01 = 1.717 |
| Lexical decision task | F(1,47) = 0.002, p = 0.962, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 3.618 | F(1,50) = 0.009, p = 0.926, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 3.522 |
| Delay frustration task | F(1,37) = 1.626, p = 0.210, ω2 = 0.016 | BF01 = 1.361 | F(1,40) = 1.471, p = 0.232, ω2 = 0.010 | BF01 = 1.695 |
| Sensation seeking and boredom proneness | ||||
| BSSS experience seeking | F(1,35) = 0.928, p = 0.342, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.327 | F(1,37) = 2.988, p = 0.092, ω2 = 0.048 | BF01 = 0.924 |
| BSSS boredom susceptibility | F(1,35) = 0.297, p = 0.589, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 3.022 | F(1,37) = 3.559, p = 0.067, ω2 = 0.058 | BF01 = 0.493 |
| BSSS thrill and adventure seeking | F(1,35) = 0.000, p = 0.996, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 3.280 | F(1,37) = 0.386, p = 0.538, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.714 |
| BSSS disinhibition | F(1,35) = 0.502, p = 0.483, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.673 | F(1,36) = 0.073, p = 0.789, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 3.363 |
| Boredom proneness scale | F(1,35) = 0.052, p = 0.820, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 3.205 | F(1,37) = 0.400, p = 0.531, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.028 |
| Behavioral measures assessing risk taking and delay discounting | ||||
| Balloon analogue risk task | F(1,47) = 0.471, p = 0.471, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.873 | F(1,47) = 0.420, p = 0.520, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.665 |
| Delay-discounting task delay | F(1,45) = 0.646, p = 0.426, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.429 | F(1,49) = 0.387, p = 0.537, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.346 |
| Delay-discounting task probability | F(1,45) = 0.347, p = 0.559, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.838 | F(1,49) = 1.131, p = 0.293, ω2 = 0.003 | BF01 = 1.735 |
| Questionnaires and tests assessing empathy and interpersonal competence | ||||
| IRI perspective taking | F(1,36) = 1.637, p = 0.209, ω2 = 0.015 | BF01 = 1.493 | F(1,38) = 1.636, p = 0.209, ω2 = 0.015 | BF01 = 2.041 |
| IRI fantasy scale | F(1,56) = 0.447, p = 0.507, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.651 | F(1,56) = 0.154, p = 0.696, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 3.341 |
| IRI empathic concern | F(1,36) = 0.027, p = 0.871, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 3.006 | F(1,38) = 0.288, p = 0.594, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 3.162 |
| IRI personal distress | F(1,56) = 0.029, p = 0.867, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 3.915 | F(1,56) = 0.099, p = 0.754, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 3.585 |
| Balanced emotional empathy scale | F(1,34) = 2.293, p = 0.139, ω2 = 0.033 | BF01 = 1.335 | F(1,36) = 0.076, p = 0.785, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 3.025 |
| Reading the mind in the eyes | F(1,33) = 1.005, p = 0.636, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.964 | F(1,33) = 1.019, p = 0.626, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.746 |
| ICQ initiating relationships | F(1,35) = 1.761, p = 0.193, ω2 = 0.017 | BF01 = 2.003 | F(1,37) = 1.163, p = 0.288, ω2 = 0.004 | BF01 = 2.180 |
| ICQ negative assertion | F(1,35) = 3.352, p = 0.076, ω2 = 0.037 | BF01 = 0.797 | F(1,37) = 0.643, p = 0.428, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.557 |
| ICQ disclosing personal information | F(1,35) = 0.337, p = 0.565, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.413 | F(1,37) = 3.335, p = 0.076, ω2 = 0.051 | BF01 = 1.491 |
| ICQ providing emotional support | F(1,35) = 1.032, p = 0.317, ω2 = 0.001 | BF01 = 1.691 | F(1,37) = 1.389, p = 0.246, ω2 = 0.007 | BF01 = 2.076 |
| ICQ advice and managing social conflict | F(1,35) = 0.001, p = 0.970, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 3.086 | F(1,37) = 0.005, p = 0.943, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 3.197 |
| RCRQ direct aggression | F(1,35) = 0.184, p = 0.671, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.936 | F(1,37) = 0.106, p = 0.746, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.848 |
| RCRQ indirect aggression | F(1,35) = 0.325, p = 0.572, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.948 | F(1,37) = 2.227, p = 0.144, ω2 = 0.029 | BF01 = 1.264 |
| Questionnaires assessing depressivity and anxiety | ||||
| Beck depression inventory | F(1,35) = 0.167, p = 0.685, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.768 | F(1,37) = 0.400, p = 0.531, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.756 |
| STAI state | F(1,35) = 0.219, p = 0.643, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.834 | F(1,38) = 1.089, p = 0.303, ω2 = 0.002 | BF01 = 2.140 |
| STAI trait | F(1,35) = 0.219, p = 0.642, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.560 | F(1,38) = 0.263, p = 0.611, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 3.305 |
| Behavioral measures assessing executive control function | ||||
| Stop signal task | F(1,47) = 0.976, p = 0.328, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 2.139 | F(1,47) = 0.000, p = 0.985, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 3.423 |
| Multi-source interference task | F(1,38) = 0.157, p = 0.694, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 3.167 | F(1,37) = 0.544, p = 0.465, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 3.011 |
| TS switching costs | F(1,38) = 0.993, p = 0.325, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 1.781 | F(1,37) = 0.019, p = 0.892, ω2 < 0.001 | BF01 = 1.911 |
| TS mixing costs | F(1,38) = 10.373, p = 0.003*, ω2 = 0.184 | BF01 = 0.067 | F(1,37) = 1.683, p = 0.203, ω2 = 0.017 | BF01 = 1.179 |
| Summary statistics | ||||
| Harmonic mean | BF01 = 1.380 | BF01 = 1.808 | ||
| Arithmetic mean | F = 0.945, p = 0.510, ω2 = 0.009 | BF01 = 1.201 | F = 0.967, p = 0.514, ω2 = 0.011 | BF01 = 2.404 |
![La película de Marvel, Doctor Strange, va a ser muy "diferente a la versión de los cómics", dijo Scott Adkins en una entrevista para The Huffington Post. El actor –quien todavía no tiene papel anunciado en la película– añadió que los fans verán "cosas psicodélicas" en la película. "Mostrará otra dimensión. Estoy seguro que Scott Derrickson [director] también utilizará algunos elementos de terror".](https://i0.wp.com/www.teragames.com.mx/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Doctor-Strange.jpg?resize=90%2C65&ssl=1)
